89. 68/4: 
Gul (3 


Bulletin No. 63 February 16, 1925, 


COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA 


DEPARTMENT OF INTERNAL AFPPAIRS 
James F, Woodward, Secretary 


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BUREAU OF TOPOGRAPHIC AND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
George H, Ashley, State Geologist 





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Rocseenaetepeiicter bated 





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— 


BROWN IRON ORES IN PENNSYLVANIA 
' By 


Je Ross Corbin 


Production. From almost 500 000 tons in’ 1889. the annual output 
of brown ores in Pennsylvania has fallen to 10,000 tons or less. In 
recent years much of this amount has been the yar ciety known as bog ores, 
used for gas purification purposes; but some small discontinuous 
Operations have been conducted at a few other deposits. Also, some 
brown ore has been obtained as a by-product th quarrying operations 
and in digging sand and gravel. 


Reasons for decrease. The reasons given by former producers for 
the decrease in production have been the invasion of the markets by 
the Lake Superior ores, inability of the local ores to stand the 
freight charges, increasing labor costs, and similar causes. These 
are of an external nature. In relatively few cases is the deposit 
reported exhausted; hence it is a natural conclusion that under favor- 
able conditions brown-ore mining in Pennsylvania may again become a 
large industry. 


Future Development. Advances in the art and machinery of mining 
have been great during the last two decades. Various experiments have 
been made tending to improve or beneficiate the brown ores, thus giving 
a higher grade product for Shipment. It has been demonstrated that 
the ores can be made magnetic by heating in a reducing atmosphere. 
Subsequent magnetic treatment will raise the iron content from about 
35 to 58 per cent. In attempts to remove or lower the phosphorus 
content, the U. S. Bureau of Mines* conducted leaching experiments. 


* Winslow, R. M., "Leaching Iron-Ores for Phosphorus," U. S. Bureau of 
Mines Reports of Investigations, Serial No. 2266, July, 1921. 


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Although not successful, these tests were of great value. Experiments 
have been conducted in the metal industry, using material containing 
much more phosphorus than allowcée by standard specifications.* 
Although the results were remarkably successful and startling, the 
iron and steel trace is not yet prepared to alter its standards, 


The lake Superior ores are by no means exhausted, but the tonnage 
which reaches the open market will gradually GCecrease and the compara- 
tive price will rise. It seems probable, therefore, that in the not 
far distant future the brown<ore industry in Pemsylvania may regain 
some of its former greatness, although uses of the ores will be 
limited to certain definite fields in the iron and steel industries, 


Kees of Deposits. Brown ores occur in rocks of all ages in 
Pennsylvania. The oldest of these rocks, 600,000,000 years old or 
more, are exposed in the southeastern corner of the State, Brown-ore 
Geyvosits {bog ores) are iorming abundantly in the northwestern par 
Of (Me srace ot ihe present time. Brown ores occur at several: defini t+ 
horizons between’ these two extremes. The distribution of the larger 
anc more important ore-bearing strata are indicated on the following 
MA » 





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Map showing distribution of brown ores in Pennsylvania, 





, i, panipe Ma} ay Oe 
Vannort or ferciferous Lower PateoZz oc 
j ; yrerehearins NeSTones 
limestone ores. oresbearing limesTanes 
Pa nore wu ee OP PRO Mao we ON SOL Ted and Sasio: Open 
~ = 44. “ -- - so of * T =A ree Be a ey) UB = vy. DAE a es ~ zi 
Weltth Steels," Yearbook, American, Iron and Steel Institute 1916, 


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Attention is invited to the fact that the location of an iron~ore 
deposit in strata of any definite eeolovical age does not always 
Signify that the ore deposit is of the same age as that of the strata 
which enclose it, Chemical compounds of iron are soluble in water, 
Water carrying iron compounds in solution may have the iron pre- 
Cipitated from it. These two statements avoly ecually well to 
experiments in a chemical laboratory and to processes of nature. 


If iron ores are deposited simultaneously with materials such 
as clays and sands which afterwards are converted into bedded rock 
whose age can be determined, such iron-ore Peete are recognized 
as being of the same age as ‘she sandstones and shales which result 
from the consolidation ‘of the sands ‘and clays. On the other hand, 

a rock stratum may become fractured, and iron-bearing water solutions 
passing through the fractures may deposit iron ore in them. Such 
iron-ore deposits are obviously younger than the stratum which 
contains the ore, Again, iron-bearing solutions passing through a 
limestone stratum may simultaneously remove lime anc deposit the 
iron, A deposit of this type is called a "replacement." Such 
deposits also, are younger than the strata which the deposits have 
replaced. For these reasons it is customary to speak of certain 
iron-ore deposits as being in strata of certain ages without implying 
that the iron-ore denosits are themselves of that age, 


Brown=ore deposits which have been worked as sources of iron’ore 
in Pennsylvania occur in. the various rocks of the Proterozoic Era 
in the Lower Paleozoic limestones, in rocks of Lower Silurian, Lower 
Devonian and Middle Devonian age, and in the rocks of the Pennsyl- 
vanian and Lower Permian systems (Coal Measures, particularly the 
Vanport or "ferriferous" limestone.) Of these the most important are 
the brown vres of the Lower Paleozoic (Cambrian and Ordovician) 
limestones, 


Deposits in Proterozoic rocks; In the early days of the iron 
industry in Pennsylvania a few deposits in the gneisses and schists 
of the southeastern part of the State were worked, The devosits were 
small, irregular, and of ‘only fair grade. The occurrences were 
usualiv widely separated, and for these reasons the industry never 
attained great magnitude in this area. 


These deposits were due to leaching of iron from rocks rich 
in that material by cdownward-moving waters, and the devosition of the 
iron in the places from which the ores were mined. 


Deposits in Lower Paleozoic rocks, The greatest number and 
most important brown-ore deposits in Pennsylvania lie in the large 
valleys underlain by the Lower Paleozoic limestones, These extend 
through the following counties: Montgomery, Chester, Lancaster, York 
and Adams; Northampton, Lehigh, Berks, Lebanon, Dauphin, Cumberland, * 
Franklin, and Fulton; ane Bedford, Blair, Huntingdon, Mifflin, Center, 
Clinton and Lycoming, 


The great limestone deposits (6,000 feet thick) occupying these 
valleys were designated No. II by the Second Pennsylvania Geological 
Survey, with the names Calciferous, Chazy, and Trenton appliec to the 


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three unequal stratigraphic divisions, Since the publication of the 
reports of the Second Pennsylvania Geological Survey further-work in 
these areas has indicated that other divisions are desirable, and 

has Shown that a classification based on observations in one locality 
may not be strictly applicable to other localities. As such division 
and correlation progresses this Survey is in a position to indicate 
more accurately the relationship of the iron deposits in these areas. 


The brown-ore ceposits of the great limestone areas are the 
result of precipitation of iron minerals from waters circulating 
underground. Opportunities for the circulation or passage of under- 
ground waters occurred along fault planes, in cavernous portions of 
the limestones, or along the contact+-planes of the limestone with the 
underlying sandstone (or quartzite) and with the overlying shales, 
Because they are so very much harder and weather-resisting the 
quartazites are found in more elevated positions on the various folds 
than are the overlying limestones, Brown ores found along the 
junction of the limestone and quartzite contain 4 noticeably greater 
amount of silica (Si0e) and less lime (CaO) than those found within 
the limestones. For these reasons the ores with high silica content 
were called "mountain ores." The others were deSignated "valley ores." 


The "vallev ores" were found at points which were topographically 
lower than the mountain ores, but higher in the stratigraphic column. 
A more or less well-defined grouping of deposits occurs at about the 
middle of the limestone series, This is somewhat discontinuous and 
its course appears to be erratic because of faults and folds in the 
Stratae Also, fault planes furnished the channels for circulation of 
waters which cavsed the formation of depvosits apparently unrelated 
to the established groups, 


At about the contact of the limestone series with the overlying 
shales and slates (Martinsburg shale, No. III, Utica and Hudson River 
of the Second Pennsylvania Geological Survey) occur other brown-ore 
deposits, These aiso ave due to the circulation of iron-bearing 
waters, The Henrietta mines (Blair County) are large developments 
at this horizon. In this instance, however, favlting may have been 
very important in the formation of the water-coursés, 


At the time these deposits were extensively worked (20-40 years 
ago) all mining was done by hand, and haulage was by horse and cart. 
It was common to mine and wash 5 or 6 tons of sand and clay to get 
one ton of ore, The activities necessary to recover 200,000 tons of 
ore ver year from the numerous small mines can hence be easily 
imagined, <A few mines had large amiual outputs. In 1900 the Scotia 
mines (Center County) produced 52,893 tons of ore.* 


Deposits in Lower Silurian rocks. Deposits of brown-ores in 
the Medina (Formation IV, Second Pennsylvania Geological Survey) have 
been explored and tested, Most cf these were merely ferruginous sand- 
stones, Occasionally limonites of poor quality were found. None of 


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these deposits were large, nor were they important sources of ore. 


Deposits in Lower Devonian vocks. Deposits in rocks of Lower 
Devonian age are found in the Helderberg or "Lewistown" limestone 
(No, VI, Second Pennsylvania Survey). As a rule, this horizon is 
unimportant, Occasionally, however, where conditions for underground 
circulation were especially favorable, ore bodies of considerable size 
were formed. The mines northeast of Altoona developed ore bodies of 
this class, 


In Pennsylvania, ores of the Oriskany (No, VII, Second Pennsyl- 
vania Geological:Survey) have been mined at scattered localities, but 
these ores, also, are relatively unimportant, 


Deposits in Middle Devonian rocks, The Marcellus ores are brow 
ores in Middle Devonian rocks, This formation was designated No. VIII 
by the Second Pennsylvania Geological Survey. 





Marcellus ores were of importance in the central part of Pennsyl- 
vania, particularly in Blair; Huntingdon, Juniata, and Perry counties, 
Many of these ore deposits, occurring in Marcellus shales, were 15 to 
20 feet wide and were worked to depths of 100 feet or more. [In the 
deeper workings iron carbonate was found below the iron oxide, and 
oyrite below the carbonate, It is obvious that the surface devnosits 
were due to alteration, 

Deposits in the Coal Measures, At many places along the outcrops 
of the Pennsylvanian and flower Permian™ small pockets of brown ores 
are found, such being due tothe oxidation and hydration of siderite 
(carbonate ore), Frequently, also, the various limestone beds of these 
Series have small amounts of limonite associated with them, These 
deposits, however, are relatively unimportant compared to the ores of 
the Vanport limestone. This limestone (called "Ferriferous" limestone 
by the Sccond Pennsylvania Geological Survey) contains or has been 
replaced by considerable masses of limonite in many places on its 
outcrop in the central western part of the State. It was formerly of 
great importance, and many of the early small furnaces derived their 
sOle supply from this source, 


Analyses, The following analyses indicate the qualities of the 
brown ores in Pennsylvania: 

















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* The Upper Permian is not represented in Pennsylvania. 


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Analyses of Pennsylvania brown ores. 


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bes Pilg Os 4, ae 
Bisulphice of iron ~~- ~~~ -=- --- --- 
Sesauioxide of iron --- --- 76.428 BO POO V6 Se yo el: 
Sesquioxice of manganese --- --- 1,456 Seid eae 
Cobalt Sesquioxide --- --- 0,066 --- 0,050 
Alumina --- --- LOO} Pee: rag A 
Lime --- --- O.230 0.270 OPY shai, 
Magne sia ~-- -~-- 0,147 OT ome Oe Loo 
Sulphuric acid --- --= 0,008 Ole: Oy brs 
Phosphoric acid --- ~-- 0.602 O.Gae 0.116 
Carbonic acid ~--= --- ~-- ~-- -~-- 
Water ——-- © ==- Meet tO as bn ets: 9.584 
Insoluble residue ~—= --- ice PO WOOO Overs 
~~- --- 1OO 260 99.218 9S.661 
a a en tr a ts Pa Ga Sa an OAS NETS CRITE SE STALEY AE ITC CRD ALE IPS SEV oa BPR RR ee RE REA ABA ERLE SAE OE OREN Bo HARES HI NTS 
Iron 47,200 43.900 53,000 42 DOO. 45 (B75 
Manganese ew he Oa ie dy O15 2.44E 0,273 
Sulphur 0,039 5B #003 6  OGBrt 3. O70 
Phosphorus Or OplGs Gre Gs nous OQ, 052 
Insoluble residue ! 144080 el, eo0 --- ~-— --- 
‘ 6 ¥ es 2 8 + 9 Pa LO e 
Bisulphice of iron me Ste, --- ~-- 0,041 0,054 
oesquicoxide of “iron 67.2814 —-- -~-- 85.57.29 oe 
Sesquioxide of manganese 0.985 --- --- OLGye O,845 
Cobalt Sesquioxide 0.102 me A ee --- --- 
Alumina 4.440 te tn --=- ror as aes 
Lime 0.290 --— = 0,380 19.950 
Magnesia — 0,479 a ae OAs ae) 
Sulphuric acid O.E8e --- -~~ trace 0,007 
Phosphoric acid 0,506 --- --- 0,600 0,195 
Carbonic acid Scape ~— = --- none 15.370 
Water 9.660 -~- -=- 6.806 6,060 
Peo UO DGS ROME WAU yi intempo RBG Dele 
100,078 --- --- VWOORZBS 100.062 
Tron 47.050 $3,260 44,700 hy OLS 34.729 
Mangane se 0,685 --- --- 0,482 0.576 
Sulphur 7S) werace ERLE TE Oe 0032 
Phosphorus ead O3945 O.197 RD yee 0,087 
Insoluble residue ~-- BP OO NE. Beo0 --- -=— 


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1. Jessie Kline's mine, northeast of Emaus, Lehigh County, DD Dp. 27 
- vgames Kline's mine, Orefield, Lehigh County, DD »p. 36 
». Chestnut Hill Tron Ore Co's, bank, Lancaster County, CCC p.. 219 


. sarge open mine at Henrietta, Blair County 7 p. 198 


’ 


. wneotia bank, screened wash ore, Center County, T4 »p. 222 


‘ 


6. Bombshell ore, Dr, Baker's mine, near Altoona, Blair County 


TOO eV Lae 


7, Ove from Oriskany shales, Rock Hill Iron & Coal Co., Orbisonia, 
Huntingdon County, Bogs LEO 


GS. Marcellus ore, 5 miles N,E, from Port Littleton, Fulton County, 
PS pales 


pVrkees ore Grom! too) of Vanvort ("Perriferous™) limestone at: 
Houck & Granniss' mines, Jayne township, lawrence County, 
QQ op. 42 


10. Vanvort ("Ferriferous™) limestone ore, Mr. Ziegler's mine, 
wayne township, Lawrence County, QQ op. 42 


The references above are to reports of the Second Geological 
nurvey of Pennsylvania, 


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sed on data from U. Ss. 
tion of the yearly production 
a 


LR Peon One "in  Penwoy lL vai a. 


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Geological Survey reports, show the rel 
of brown ore to the total procuction of 
1889-1922, 


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